Text and Annotations in Python

How to add text labels and annotations to plots in python.

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Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for Python. We recommend you read our Getting Started guide for the latest installation or upgrade instructions, then move on to our Plotly Fundamentals tutorials or dive straight in to some Basic Charts tutorials.

Adding Text to Figures¶

As a general rule, there are two ways to add text labels to figures:

Certain trace types, notably in the scatter family (e.g. scatter, scatter3d, scattergeo etc), support a text attribute, and can be displayed with or without markers.
Standalone text annotations can be added to figures using fig.add_annotation(), with or without arrows, and they can be positioned absolutely within the figure, or they can be positioned relative to the axes of 2d or 3d cartesian subplots i.e. in data coordinates.

The differences between these two approaches are that:

Traces can optionally support hover labels and can appear in legends.
Text annotations can be positioned absolutely or relative to data coordinates in 2d/3d cartesian subplots only.
Traces cannot be positioned absolutely but can be positioned relative to data coordinates in any subplot type.
Traces also be used to draw shapes, although there is a shape equivalent to text annotations.

Text on scatter plots with Plotly Express¶

Here is an example that creates a scatter plot with text labels using Plotly Express.

In [1]:

import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder().query("year==2007 and continent=='Americas'")

fig = px.scatter(df, x="gdpPercap", y="lifeExp", text="country", log_x=True, size_max=60)

fig.update_traces(textposition='top center')

fig.update_layout(
    height=800,
    title_text='GDP and Life Expectancy (Americas, 2007)'
)

fig.show()

Text on scatter plots with Graph Objects¶

In [2]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[1, 1, 1],
    mode="lines+markers+text",
    name="Lines, Markers and Text",
    text=["Text A", "Text B", "Text C"],
    textposition="top center"
))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[2, 2, 2],
    mode="markers+text",
    name="Markers and Text",
    text=["Text D", "Text E", "Text F"],
    textposition="bottom center"
))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[3, 3, 3],
    mode="lines+text",
    name="Lines and Text",
    text=["Text G", "Text H", "Text I"],
    textposition="bottom center"
))

fig.show()

Text positioning in Dash¶

Dash is the best way to build analytical apps in Python using Plotly figures. To run the app below, run pip install dash, click "Download" to get the code and run python app.py.

Get started with the official Dash docs and learn how to effortlessly style & deploy apps like this with Dash Enterprise.

Out[3]:

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Controlling Text Size with `uniformtext`¶

For the pie, bar-like, sunburst and treemap traces, it is possible to force all the text labels to have the same size thanks to the uniformtext layout parameter. The minsize attribute sets the font size, and the mode attribute sets what happens for labels which cannot fit with the desired fontsize: either hide them or show them with overflow.

Here is a bar chart with the default behavior which will scale down text to fit.

In [4]:

import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder(year=2007)
fig = px.bar(df, x='continent', y='pop', color="lifeExp", text='country',
             title="Default behavior: some text is tiny")
fig.update_traces(textposition='inside')
fig.show()

Here is the same figure with uniform text applied: the text for all bars is the same size, with a minimum size of 8. Any text at the minimum size which does not fit in the bar is hidden.

In [5]:

import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder(year=2007)
fig = px.bar(df, x='continent', y='pop', color="lifeExp", text='country',
             title="Uniform Text: min size is 8, hidden if can't fit")
fig.update_traces(textposition='inside')
fig.update_layout(uniformtext_minsize=8, uniformtext_mode='hide')
fig.show()

In [6]:

import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder().query("continent == 'Asia' and year == 2007")
fig = px.pie(df, values='pop', names='country')
fig.update_traces(textposition='inside')
fig.update_layout(uniformtext_minsize=12, uniformtext_mode='hide')
fig.show()

Controlling Maximum Text Size¶

The textfont_size parameter of the the pie, bar-like, sunburst and treemap traces can be used to set the maximum font size used in the chart. Note that the textfont parameter sets the insidetextfont and outsidetextfont parameter, which can also be set independently.

In [7]:

import plotly.express as px

df = px.data.gapminder().query("continent == 'Asia' and year == 2007")
fig = px.pie(df, values='pop', names='country')
fig.update_traces(textposition='inside', textfont_size=14)
fig.show()

Text Annotations¶

Annotations can be added to a figure using fig.add_annotation().

In [8]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    y=[0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5]
))


fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    y=[0, 4, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2]
))

fig.add_annotation(x=2, y=5,
            text="Text annotation with arrow",
            showarrow=True,
            arrowhead=1)
fig.add_annotation(x=4, y=4,
            text="Text annotation without arrow",
            showarrow=False,
            yshift=10)

fig.update_layout(showlegend=False)

fig.show()

Text Annotations with Log Axes¶

If the x or y positions of an annotation reference a log axis, you need to provide that position as a log10 value when adding the annotation. In this example, the yaxis is a log axis so we pass the log10 value of 1000 to the annotation's y position.

In [9]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go
import math

dates = [
    "2024-01-01",
    "2024-01-02",
    "2024-01-03",
    "2024-01-04",
    "2024-01-05",
    "2024-01-06",
]
y_values = [1, 30, 70, 100, 1000, 10000000]

fig = go.Figure(
    data=[go.Scatter(x=dates, y=y_values, mode="lines+markers")],
    layout=go.Layout(
        yaxis=dict(
            type="log",
        )
    ),
)

fig.add_annotation(
    x="2024-01-05",
    y=math.log10(1000),
    text="Log axis annotation",
    showarrow=True,
    xanchor="right",
)

fig.show()

3D Annotations¶

In [10]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter3d(
    x=["2017-01-01", "2017-02-10", "2017-03-20"],
    y=["A", "B", "C"],
    z=[1, 1000, 100000],
    name="z",
))

fig.update_layout(
    scene=dict(
        xaxis=dict(type="date"),
        yaxis=dict(type="category"),
        zaxis=dict(type="log"),
        annotations=[
        dict(
            showarrow=False,
            x="2017-01-01",
            y="A",
            z=0,
            text="Point 1",
            xanchor="left",
            xshift=10,
            opacity=0.7),
        dict(
            x="2017-02-10",
            y="B",
            z=4,
            text="Point 2",
            textangle=0,
            ax=0,
            ay=-75,
            font=dict(
                color="black",
                size=12
            ),
            arrowcolor="black",
            arrowsize=3,
            arrowwidth=1,
            arrowhead=1),
        dict(
            x="2017-03-20",
            y="C",
            z=5,
            ax=50,
            ay=0,
            text="Point 3",
            arrowhead=1,
            xanchor="left",
            yanchor="bottom"
        )]
    ),
)

fig.show()

Font Color, Size, and Familiy¶

Use textfont to specify a font family, size, or color.

In [11]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[1, 1, 1],
    mode="lines+markers+text",
    name="Lines, Markers and Text",
    text=["Text A", "Text B", "Text C"],
    textposition="top right",
    textfont=dict(
        family="sans serif",
        size=18,
        color="crimson"
    )
))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2],
    y=[2, 2, 2],
    mode="lines+markers+text",
    name="Lines and Text",
    text=["Text G", "Text H", "Text I"],
    textposition="bottom center",
    textfont=dict(
        family="sans serif",
        size=18,
        color="LightSeaGreen"
    )
))

fig.update_layout(showlegend=False)

fig.show()

Font Style, Variant, and Weight¶

New in 5.22

You can also configure a font's variant, style, and weight on textfont. Here, we configure an italic style on the first bar, bold weight on the second, and small-caps as the font variant on the third.

In [12]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.medals_wide()

fig = go.Figure(
    data=[
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.gold,
            name="Gold",
            marker=dict(color="Gold"),
            text="Gold",
            textfont=dict(style="italic"),
        ),
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.silver,
            name="Silver",
            marker=dict(color="MediumTurquoise"),
            text="Silver",
            textfont=dict(weight="bold"),
        ),
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.bronze,
            name="Bronze",
            marker=dict(color="LightGreen"),
            text="Bronze",
            textfont=dict(variant="small-caps"),
        ),
    ],
    layout=dict(barcornerradius=15, showlegend=False),
)

fig.show()

Numeric Font Weight¶

New in 5.23

In the previous example, we set a font weight using a keyword value. You can also set font weight using a numeric value.

The font weights that are available depend on the font family that is set. If you set a font weight that isn't available for a particular font family, the weight will be rounded to the nearest available value.

In [13]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.medals_wide()

fig = go.Figure(
    data=[
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.gold,
            name="Gold",
            marker=dict(color="Gold"),
            text="Gold",
            textfont=dict(weight=900, size=17),
        ),
        go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.silver,
            name="Silver",
            marker=dict(color="MediumTurquoise"),
            text="Silver",
            textfont=dict(size=17),
        ),
            go.Bar(
            x=df.nation,
            y=df.bronze,
            name="Bronze",
            marker=dict(color="LightGreen"),
            text="Bronze",
            textfont=dict(size=17),
        ),
    ],
    layout=dict(barcornerradius=15, showlegend=False),
)

fig.show()

scattergl traces do not support all numeric font weights. When you specify a numeric font weight on scattergl, weights up to 500 are mapped to the keyword font weight "normal", while weights above 500 are mapped to "bold".

Text Case¶

New in 5.23

You can configure text case using the textfont.textcase property. In this example, we set textfont.textcase="upper" to transform the text on all bars to uppercase.

In [14]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.gapminder()

grouped = df[df.year == 2007].loc[df[df.year == 2007].groupby('continent')['lifeExp'].idxmax()]

fig = go.Figure(
    data=go.Bar(
        x=grouped['lifeExp'],
        y=grouped['continent'],
        text=grouped['country'],
        orientation='h',
        textfont=dict(
            family="sans serif",
            size=14,
            # Here we set textcase to "upper.
            # Set to lower" for lowercase text, or "word caps" to capitalize the first letter of each word
            textcase="upper"

        )
    ),
    layout=go.Layout(
        title_text='Country with Highest Life Expectancy per Continent, 2007',
        yaxis=dict(showticklabels=False)
    )
)

fig.show()

Text Lines¶

New in 5.23

You can add decoration lines to text using the textfont.lineposition property. This property accepts "under", "over", and "through", or a combination of these separated by a +.

In [15]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.gapminder()

grouped = df[df.year == 2002].loc[df[df.year == 2002].groupby('continent')['lifeExp'].idxmax()]

fig = go.Figure(
    data=go.Bar(
        x=grouped['lifeExp'],
        y=grouped['continent'],
        text=grouped['country'],
        orientation='h',
        marker_color='MediumSlateBlue',
        textfont=dict(
            lineposition="under" # combine different line positions with a "+" to add more than one: "under+over"
        )
    ),
    layout=go.Layout(
        title_text='Country with Highest Life Expectancy per Continent, 2002',
        yaxis=dict(showticklabels=False)
    )
)

fig.show()

Text Shadow¶

New in 5.23

You can apply a shadow effect to text using the textfont.shadow property. This property accepts shadow specifications in the same format as the text-shadow CSS property.

In [16]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go
from plotly import data

df = data.gapminder()

grouped = df[df.year == 1997].loc[df[df.year == 1997].groupby('continent')['lifeExp'].idxmax()]

fig = go.Figure(
    data=go.Bar(
        x=grouped['lifeExp'],
        y=grouped['continent'],
        text=grouped['country'],
        orientation='h',
        textfont=dict(
            shadow="1px 1px 2px pink"
        )
    ),
    layout=go.Layout(
        title_text='Country with Highest Life Expectancy per Continent, 1997',
        yaxis=dict(showticklabels=False)
    )
)

fig.show()

Styling and Coloring Annotations¶

In [17]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    y=[0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5]
))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(
    x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    y=[0, 4, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2]
))

fig.add_annotation(
        x=2,
        y=5,
        xref="x",
        yref="y",
        text="max=5",
        showarrow=True,
        font=dict(
            family="Courier New, monospace",
            size=16,
            color="#ffffff"
            ),
        align="center",
        arrowhead=2,
        arrowsize=1,
        arrowwidth=2,
        arrowcolor="#636363",
        ax=20,
        ay=-30,
        bordercolor="#c7c7c7",
        borderwidth=2,
        borderpad=4,
        bgcolor="#ff7f0e",
        opacity=0.8
        )

fig.update_layout(showlegend=False)
fig.show()

Text Font as an Array - Styling Each Text Element¶

In [18]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scattergeo(
    lat=[45.5, 43.4, 49.13, 51.1, 53.34, 45.24, 44.64, 48.25, 49.89, 50.45],
    lon=[-73.57, -79.24, -123.06, -114.1, -113.28, -75.43, -63.57, -123.21, -97.13,
         -104.6],
    marker={
        "color": ["MidnightBlue", "IndianRed", "MediumPurple", "Orange", "Crimson",
                  "LightSeaGreen", "RoyalBlue", "LightSalmon", "DarkOrange", "MediumSlateBlue"],
        "line": {
            "width": 1
        },
        "size": 10
    },
    mode="markers+text",
    name="",
    text=["Montreal", "Toronto", "Vancouver", "Calgary", "Edmonton", "Ottawa",
          "Halifax",
          "Victoria", "Winnepeg", "Regina"],
    textfont={
        "color": ["MidnightBlue", "IndianRed", "MediumPurple", "Gold", "Crimson",
                  "LightSeaGreen",
                  "RoyalBlue", "LightSalmon", "DarkOrange", "MediumSlateBlue"],
        "family": ["Arial, sans-serif", "Balto, sans-serif", "Courier New, monospace",
                   "Droid Sans, sans-serif", "Droid Serif, serif",
                   "Droid Sans Mono, sans-serif",
                   "Gravitas One, cursive", "Old Standard TT, serif",
                   "Open Sans, sans-serif",
                   "PT Sans Narrow, sans-serif", "Raleway, sans-serif",
                   "Times New Roman, Times, serif"],
        "size": [22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13]
    },
    textposition=["top center", "middle left", "top center", "bottom center",
                  "top right",
                  "middle left", "bottom right", "bottom left", "top right",
                  "top right"]
))

fig.update_layout(
    title_text="Canadian cities",
    geo=dict(
        lataxis=dict(range=[40, 70]),
        lonaxis=dict(range=[-130, -55]),
        scope="north america"
    )
)

fig.show()

HTML Tags in Text¶

The text attribute supports the following HTML tags:  ,,<a>, ,  and . In version 5.23 and later, <s> and are also supported.

In [19]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure(
    data=[
        go.Scatter(
            x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
            y=[0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5],
            mode="lines+markers",
            name="Series 1",
        ),
        go.Scatter(
            x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
            y=[0, 4, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2],
            mode="lines+markers",
            name="Series 2",
        ),
    ],
    layout=go.Layout(
        annotations=[
            dict(
                x=2,
                y=5,
                text="Text annotation using <b>bolded text</b>, <i>italicized text</i>, <u>underlined text</u>, <br>and a new line",
                showarrow=True,
                arrowhead=1,
            ),
            dict(
                x=4,
                y=4,
                text="Text annotation with <a href='https://dash.plotly.com'>a link</a>.",
                showarrow=False,
                yshift=10,
            ),
        ],
        showlegend=False,
    ),
)

fig.show()

Positioning Text Annotations Absolutely¶

By default, text annotations have xref and yref set to "x" and "y", respectively, meaning that their x/y coordinates are with respect to the axes of the plot. This means that panning the plot will cause the annotations to move. Setting xref and/or yref to "paper" will cause the x and y attributes to be interpreted in paper coordinates.

Try panning or zooming in the following figure:

In [20]:

import plotly.express as px

fig = px.scatter(x=[1, 2, 3], y=[1, 2, 3], title="Try panning or zooming!")

fig.add_annotation(text="Absolutely-positioned annotation",
                  xref="paper", yref="paper",
                  x=0.3, y=0.3, showarrow=False)

fig.show()

Adding Annotations Referenced to an Axis¶

To place annotations relative to the length or height of an axis, the string ' domain' can be added after the axis reference in the xref or yref fields. For example:

In [21]:

import plotly.express as px
import plotly.graph_objects as go

df = px.data.wind()
fig = px.scatter(df, y="frequency")

# Set a custom domain to see how the ' domain' string changes the behaviour
fig.update_layout(xaxis=dict(domain=[0, 0.5]), yaxis=dict(domain=[0.25, 0.75]))

fig.add_annotation(
    xref="x domain",
    yref="y domain",
    # The arrow head will be 25% along the x axis, starting from the left
    x=0.25,
    # The arrow head will be 40% along the y axis, starting from the bottom
    y=0.4,
    text="An annotation referencing the axes",
    arrowhead=2,
)

fig.show()

Specifying the Text's Position Absolutely¶

The text coordinates / dimensions of the arrow can be specified absolutely, as long as they use exactly the same coordinate system as the arrowhead. For example:

In [22]:

import plotly.express as px
import plotly.graph_objects as go

df = px.data.wind()
fig = px.scatter(df, y="frequency")

fig.update_layout(xaxis=dict(domain=[0, 0.5]), yaxis=dict(domain=[0.25, 0.75]))
fig.add_annotation(
    xref="x domain",
    yref="y",
    x=0.75,
    y=1,
    text="An annotation whose text and arrowhead reference the axes and the data",
    # If axref is exactly the same as xref, then the text's position is
    # absolute and specified in the same coordinates as xref.
    axref="x domain",
    # The same is the case for yref and ayref, but here the coordinates are data
    # coordinates
    ayref="y",
    ax=0.5,
    ay=2,
    arrowhead=2,
)

fig.show()

Customize Displayed Text with a Text Template¶

To show an arbitrary text in your chart you can use texttemplate, which is a template string used for rendering the information, and will override textinfo. This template string can include variables in %{variable} format, numbers in d3-format's syntax, and date in d3-time-format's syntax. texttemplate customizes the text that appears on your plot vs. hovertemplate that customizes the tooltip text.

In [23]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure(go.Pie(
    values = [40000000, 20000000, 30000000, 10000000],
    labels = ["Wages", "Operating expenses", "Cost of sales", "Insurance"],
    texttemplate = "%{label}: %{value:$,s} <br>(%{percent})",
    textposition = "inside"))

fig.show()

Customize Text Template¶

The following example uses textfont to customize the added text.

In [24]:

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure(go.Scatterternary(
    a = [3, 2, 5],
    b = [2, 5, 2],
    c = [5, 2, 2],
    mode = "markers+text",
    text = ["A", "B", "C"],
    texttemplate = "%{text}<br>(%{a:.2f}, %{b:.2f}, %{c:.2f})",
    textposition = "bottom center",
    textfont = {'family': "Times", 'size': [18, 21, 20], 'color': ["IndianRed", "MediumPurple", "DarkOrange"]}
))

fig.show()

Set Date in Text Template¶

The following example shows how to show date by setting axis.type in funnel charts. As you can see textinfo and texttemplate have the same functionality when you want to determine 'just' the trace information on the graph.

In [25]:

from plotly import graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Funnel(
    name = 'Montreal',
    orientation = "h",
    y = ["2018-01-01", "2018-07-01", "2019-01-01", "2020-01-01"],
    x = [100, 60, 40, 20],
    textposition = "inside",
    texttemplate = "%{y| %a. %_d %b %Y}"))

fig.add_trace(go.Funnel(
    name = 'Vancouver',
    orientation = "h",
    y = ["2018-01-01", "2018-07-01", "2019-01-01", "2020-01-01"],
    x = [90, 70, 50, 10],
    textposition = "inside",
    textinfo = "label"))

fig.update_layout(yaxis = {'type': 'date'})

fig.show()

Reference¶

See https://plotly.com/python/reference/layout/annotations/ for more information and chart attribute options!

What About Dash?¶

Dash is an open-source framework for building analytical applications, with no Javascript required, and it is tightly integrated with the Plotly graphing library.

Learn about how to install Dash at https://dash.plot.ly/installation.

Everywhere in this page that you see fig.show(), you can display the same figure in a Dash application by passing it to the figure argument of the Graph component from the built-in dash_core_components package like this:

import plotly.graph_objects as go # or plotly.express as px
fig = go.Figure() # or any Plotly Express function e.g. px.bar(...)
# fig.add_trace( ... )
# fig.update_layout( ... )

from dash import Dash, dcc, html

app = Dash()
app.layout = html.Div([
    dcc.Graph(figure=fig)
])

app.run_server(debug=True, use_reloader=False)  # Turn off reloader if inside Jupyter

Adding Text to Figures¶

Text on scatter plots with Plotly Express¶

Text on scatter plots with Graph Objects¶

Text positioning in Dash¶

Controlling Text Size with uniformtext¶

Controlling Maximum Text Size¶

Text Annotations¶

Text Annotations with Log Axes¶

3D Annotations¶

Font Color, Size, and Familiy¶

Font Style, Variant, and Weight¶

Numeric Font Weight¶

Text Case¶

Text Lines¶

Text Shadow¶

Styling and Coloring Annotations¶

Text Font as an Array - Styling Each Text Element¶

HTML Tags in Text¶

Positioning Text Annotations Absolutely¶

Adding Annotations Referenced to an Axis¶

Specifying the Text's Position Absolutely¶

Customize Displayed Text with a Text Template¶

Customize Text Template¶

Set Date in Text Template¶

Reference¶

What About Dash?¶

Controlling Text Size with `uniformtext`¶